key Try Dr. O'Callaghan's QUIZ: What are millimoles, milliequivalents, and milliosmoles? How is the formula for osmolarity computed? How is dextrose different from glucose in terms of molecular weight? What is the difference between BUN and urea?

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Oh  

Ethylene Glycol Poisoning
(Man S. Oh, MD. ASN Renal Week 2005).
How is ethylene glycol metabolized, and which metabolites are toxic? What form of calcium oxalate crystals are produced, and is the dihydrate envelope-shaped calcium oxalate crystal frequently seen? Is glycolic acid really the toxic substance in ethylene glycol poisoning, or is it the aldehydes, or the glyoxylic acid? Is metabolism to oxalate or to glycine more important? How does metabolism of ethylene glycol affect acid load? Osmlolal gap? Why might the urinary osmolal gap be of interest? How do we use ethanol and fomepizole in the management of ethylene glycol poisoning? When and for how long do we dialyze?
(more...)


Palmer

Literature Review: Non-Potassium Fluid-Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders
(Biff Palmer, MD; ASN Renal Week, 2005)

Why and when do marathon runners become hyponatremic? How much should they drink? What should then drink? Are NSAIDs a risk factor? What is the nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate diuresis, and what is its molecular and genetic basis? How does sildenafil act on aquaporins to increase water transport in the kidney? How does "ecstasy" cause hyponatremia? How can we use CRRT to safely treat extreme hypernatremia? How to thiazolidinediones cause edema? What is pyroglutamic acidosis? How can medication containing propylene glycol cause acidosis? How does acidosis affect protein synthesis in the kidney? What is hensin and how can it explain cyclosporine caused metabolic acidosis? How to topamax, linezolid, and propofol cause acidosis? How does bicarbonate ingestion boost athletic performance? (more...)

Updated: May 05, 2008 (M05)
M05 ASN Renal Week abstract archives 2003-2006 now available on-line in .pdf format.
A21 Steven Hebert, renowned Yale nephrologist. In Memoriam
A03 JASN review article in the news: Questions the health benefits of drinking lots of water.
F09 Paradigm shift: Non-osmotic, inflammation-generating accumulation of sodium in the skin
J18 Canadian study suggests drinking 4 liters of water per day can cause proteinuria; reversible when water ingestion reduced.
D04 FDA warns of hyponatremia, seizures, when desmopressin used to treat nocturnal enuresis.
N08 New nonsteroidal natriuretic hormone identified in human urine.
O17 Vaprisol (conivaptan) study shows increase in serum sodium in euvolemic hyponatremia.
J09 Methylsalicylate absorption from sports cream results in teenager's death
A23 Scientist warns marathon runners: Water won't help you keep your cool
M30 Function of Rh blood proteins discovered: link to ammonia excretion.
M27 New blood thinner may work without bleeding risk
J17 Woman dies of hyponatremia after participating in radio-sponsored water drinking contest.
D22 Kidney stones in children no longer a rarity, Johns Hopkins clinicians emphasize.
D01 High urinary sodium and urea concentrations in desmopressin-unresponsive enuresis.
Industry Advances Emphasis
archive
Magnesium Balance: Hypomagnesemia and Hypermagnesemia (Coyne) ASN Board Review 2006
Current Concepts in Neurohormones: Vasopressin and the Kidney (Schrier, Sterns) ASN Renal Week 2005
Acid-Base Enigmas: New Observations (Oh, Lanken, Kraut) ASN Renal Week 2005 (audio only)
Nephrology Quiz & Questionnaire: Fluids and Electrolytes (Halperin) ASN Renal Week 2005 (audio only)
Permissive Hypercapnia in Acute Pulmonary Disorders: Morbidity and Mortality and Treating the Respiratory Acidosis (Lanken) ASN Renal Week 2005
Literature Review: Non-Potassium Fluid-Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders (Palmer) ASN Renal Week 2005
Workshop Cases - Non-Anion Gap Acidosis (Alexander) ASN Board Review 2005
Case Discussions of Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia (Berl and Gluck) ASN Board Review 2005
Calcium and Phosphorus: Key Physiologic Principles (Bushinsky) ASN Board Review 2004
Literature review: A year in nephrology - fluids and electrolytes (Arruda) ASN Renal Week
Anion gap metabolic acidosis . Part one of two. (Emmet) ASN Annual Board Review Course
Anion gap metabolic acidosis . Part two of two. (Emmett) ASN Annual Board Review Course
Potassium : Key physiologic principles; hypokalemic and hyperkalemic disorders . Part 1 of 2 (Palmer) ASN Annual Board Review Course
Potassium : Key physiologic principles; hypokalemic and hyperkalemic disorders . Part 2 of 2 (Palmer) ASN Annual Board Review Course
Issues of volume regulation . Case studies. Part two of two (Weisberg) ASN Annual Board Review Course
Issues of volume regulation . Case studies. Part one of two (Weisberg) ASN Annual Board Review Course
Renal water handling : A summary of practical physiology (Sterns) ASN Annual Board Review Course
Edema states, pathosphysiology and therapy. Part one of two: Pathophysiology (Weisberg) ASN Annual Board Review Course
Regulation of sodium balance: A summary of pratical physiology (Schuster) ASN Annual Board Review Course
Distal renal tubular acidosis: from the ammonium chloride test to genetic analysis (Wrong) NKF Illinois Special Symposium
Hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia: Associated disorders and therapy (Suki) ASN 2002 Renal Week
Renal tubular acidosis (Arruda) ASN 2002 Board Review Course
Disorders of potassium metabolism: Case discussions (Arruda) ASN 2002 Board Review Course
Metabolic alkalosis (DuBose) ASN 2002 Board Review Course
Lactic acidosis (Szerlip) ASN/ISN 2001 Meeting
Renal tubular acidosis: Basics of proximal and distal RTA (Arruda) ASN 2001 Board Review
Renal tubular acidosis: Case Presentations (Arruda) ASN 2001 Board Review
Potassium physiology and pathophysiology (Alpern) ASN 2000 Board Review
Syndromes of hypo- and hypermagnesemia (Goldfarb) ASN 2000 Board Review
Calcium and phosphorus regulation: Gut, parathyroid glands, and kidney (Moe) ASN 2000 Board Review
Management of hyperkalemia in ESRD (Allon) ASN 1998 Annual Meeting
Pathogenesis and diagnosis of hypo- and hypernatremia (Ayus) ASN 1998 Board Review Course
Treatment of hypo- and hypernatremia (Berl) ASN 1998 Board Review Course
Introduction to metabolic acidosis (Narins) ASN 1998 Board Review Course
Distal renal tubular acidosis: a simplified pathophysiologic approach to diagnosis (DuBose) NY Soc Nephrol Lecture Series

Hospital-acquired hyponatremia—why are hypotonic parenteral fluids still being used? (Moritz ML and Ayus JC) Nature CP Nephrol (Jul 2007)
Vasopressin receptor antagonists Dial Transplant (Jul 2007)
Neurologic effects of hyponatremia and its treatment (Widdess-Walsh P et al) Cleveland Clinic J Med (May 07)
Serum anion gap: its uses and limitations in clinical medicine CJASN 01-07
Hyponatremia, arginine vasopressin. dysregulation, and vasopressin receptor antagonism (Rai et al) Am J Nephrol 12-06
Electrolyte disturbances in the intensive care unit (Sedlacek , Schoolwerth, Remillard) Sem Dial 12-06
Acid-base transport by the renal proximal tubule (Boron). JASN 09-06
ACID-BASE LINKS
Normal values
Moles and molarity
Henderson-Hasselbach
HDCN Topic Pages (KEY)
Acidosis
Alkalosis
Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hypermagnesemia
Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Polyuria
MORE LINKS
Composition of Body Fluids
Calculating osmolarity
Overview of acid-base disturbances
Acid-Base Chemistry
Periodic table
The anion gap

Dr. Chris O'Callaghan, M.D.
BA, BM, BCh, MA, MRCP (UK), DPhil
Medical Research Council Clinician Scientist
Institute of Molecular Medicine and, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK