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HDCN News Archive -- Transplantation |
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| M17 |
FDA issues warning about birth defects in infants when mother took mycophenolate (MMF) during pregnancy. |
| M17 |
Is marrying your first cousin truly dangerous in terms of offspring? A critical examination of the data. |
| M17 |
Former head of UCLA cadaver program indicted for selling body parts on the side, profiting directly from sales. |
| M16 |
Salmonella infection in people linked to exposure to dry dog food. |
| M16 |
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) - infected transplant organs cause 1 death and 1 serious injury at Boston-area hospital. |
| M16 |
MMWR: CDC recommends herpes zoster vaccine for all persons over age 60. |
| M15 |
Fluvastatin found to markedly lower viral load in hepatitis C. |
| M15 |
University of New Hampshire group enhances the immunomodulatory effects of IVIG by modifying its sialic acid residues |
| M13 |
Kidney market shut as Pakistan cuts supply. |
| M13 |
Texting kids to take their medicine may increase compliance. |
| M05 |
ASN Renal Week abstract archives 2003-2006 now available on-line in .pdf format. |
| M04 |
Give young persons 50,000 dollars to donate a kidney? Skeptics fear abuse and exploitation. |
| M01 |
AAKP urges Congress to support bill providing immunosuppressive drug coverage for transplant recipients. |
| A30 |
Scientists synthesize molecule capable of releasing hydrogen sulfide over extended periods - possible role in donor organ preservation? |
| A29 |
The Philippines bans kidney transplant tourism. |
| A24 |
Long-term, low dose peginterferon therapy helps patients with chronic hepatitis C. |
| A23 |
Menstrual blood found to be a source of stem cells. |
| A21 |
Call for Europe-wide organ donor card |
| A17 |
Petsmart sued over hamster infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus blamed in death of 3 transplant patients. |
| A15 |
Salmonellosis associated with Malt-O-Meal cereal ingestion. |
| A14 |
Human vascular system grown in mice. Potential applications for organogenesis. |
| A12 |
Germany eases law on stem cells. |
| A12 |
Genzyme recalls selected lots of thymoglobulin as a precaution; excessively cloudy on reconstitution. |
| A12 |
Once yearly zoledronic acid increases lumbar spine density by 4% in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis patients; better than risedronate |
| A10 |
FDA communication regarding CellCept and Myfortic (mycophenolate) - ongoing safety review. |
| A10 |
FDA notice regarding investigation of mycophenolate mofetil regarding progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. |
| A08 |
Non-Hodgkins lymphoma transmitted to 4 patients via organ donation. |
| A07 |
Skin cells turned into pluripotent stem cells from patients with various diseases. |
| A06 |
Teriparatide (Forteo) gets European regulatory approval for treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. |
| A04 |
Transplant ethics conference begins in Chicago (April 4-6). |
| A04 |
MMWR: Transplantation transmitted tuberculosis. |
| M25 |
Inhaled hydrogen sulfide gas induces hypometabolic state in animal model. |
| M24 |
California transplant surgeon awaits trial over allegedly overprescribing pain medicines for dying organ donor. |
| M21 |
Cato Institute releases study on compensated living kidney donor program in Iran. |
| M19 |
Want to develop more upscale interests and tastes? Get a kidney transplant from a snob :-). |
| M08 |
Previously unknown species of bacteria found to contaminate hairspray. |
| F21 |
NEJM: Acute hepatitis E identified as cause of chornic disease in 14 transplant patients. |
| F21 |
Arrest of Amit Kumar spotlights corrupt transplant tourism industry in southeast Asia. |
| F13 |
That's the man who stole my kidney! |
| F12 |
Embryonic stem cells can be used to create fully functioning immune cells. |
| F11 |
Integrin receptor linked to HIV infection and replication in the gut. Is a treatment already available? |
| F08 |
Mycophenolate mofetil linked to specific birth defects. |
| F08 |
Fugitive doctor, implicated in kidney transplant ring, arrested in Nepal. |
| F07 |
NEJM full text of paper describing new arenavirus in patients dying after kidney or liver transplants. |
| F07 |
NEJM: DNA sequencing technology links newly discovered arenavirus to deaths of 3 transplant patients. |
| F05 |
The enabling role of desperate patients highlighted in kidney transplant racket. |
| F04 |
interpol looking for Dr. Amit Kumar (associated with Indian kidney theft ring) in Canada. |
| F01 |
U.S. dialysis patient and his wife are detained in India with regard to organ procurement scandal. |
| J30 |
Police arrest Indian physician's wife, driver, as they close in on kidney racket that was going on for 9 years. |
| J30 |
Two American dialysis patients detained in India during investigation of organ theft. |
| J29 |
Kidneys removed from poor Indians at gunpoint |
| J28 |
Need a kidney? Don't become a politician, or you'll run afoul with ethics rules about accepting donations. |
| J28 |
New promising technique uses selectin-coated intravascular probe to collect blood-borne stem cells. |
| J27 |
The story behind Dr. David Sachs and the bone marrow + kidney transplants = tolerance |
| J25 |
NEJM: Injecting donor bone marrow results in tolerance to transplanted kidney. |
| J25 |
Australian transplant patient changes blood group, immune system after liver transplant. |
| J24 |
NEJM: Mixed chimerism and tolerance in combined donor bone marrow and kidney transplant recipients. |
| J24 |
NEJM: Renal failure due to oxalosis after 2g/day vitamin C for 3 years in a renal transplant patient. |
| J24 |
Multistate outbreak of Salmonellosis linked to exposure to small pet turtles. |
| J24 |
NEJM: Experimental procedure induces tolerance in mismatched kidneys. |
| J23 |
Goal of donor bone marrow stem cell transplantation is to induce tolerance of transplanted kidney. |
| J21 |
Anti-TNF compounds as well as rituximab, disrupt lymph node germinal centers. |
| J19 |
Relatives who decline organ donations face conflict and guilt. |
| J19 |
Study finds significant differences among hospital protocols to determine brain death. |
| J17 |
New polyoma virus associated with deadly form of skin cancer. |
| J13 |
UK considers proposal to remove organs from patients after death without their explicit consent. |
| J07 |
Oxygen meter molecule, PHD1 knockouts survive hypoxia - potential application to early transplant viability, heart disease |
| J03 |
Two new RCTs suggest that shorter duration treatment works well for hepatitis C. |
| D27 |
South Korean scientists clone mini-pigs for organ transplantation from stem cells. |
| D27 |
Weight-based dosing for ribavirin increases efficacy against hepatitis C. |
| D21 |
Complement cascade blocker eculuzimab effective against myasthenia gravis in animal model. |
| D20 |
NEJM: Low-dose tacrolimus regimen in combination with other drugs may have advantages. |
| D08 |
FDA launches new drug safety newsletter. Here is the first issue (rituximab) |
| D08 |
The dark side of the transplant tourist trade - One Kidney Island |
| D03 |
Dialysis patient defends trip to Phillippines in search of a kidney. |
| N28 |
Eltrombopag increases platelet count in hepatitis C infected patients being treated with antiviral drugs. |
| N27 |
FDA: Use of mycophenolate mofetil during pregnancy associated with increased risk of pregnancy loss and congenital malformations. |
| N20 |
Skin cells made into stem cells: a significant finding in terms of ethics of stem cell research. |
| N18 |
Chicago woman who received HIV-infected kidney may not have been informed about donor's high-risk lifestyle. |
| N14 |
Breakthrough in primate cloning |
| N14 |
Four Chicago transplant recipients contract HIV from transplanted organs. |
| N09 |
Placenta cloaks its proteins with phosphocholine (as do parasitic worms) to evade immune detection. |
| N08 |
Cato Institute and Dr. Matas supporting compensated organ donation. |
| N07 |
Progress being made in growing whole organs in the laboratory. |
| N05 |
No increase in cardiovascular risk for living kidney donors |
| O26 |
Hidden value found in junk DNA |
| O26 |
Use of carbon monoxide in organ transplantation facilitated by new delivery system. |
| O23 |
Early results with implantation of pig pancreatic islet cells to treat diabetes are encouraging. |
| O10 |
China agrees to stop using donor organs from executed prisoners. |
| O09 |
Can we make a computational model of the immune system? One group is going to try. |
| S27 |
NEJM: Antibodies linked to rejection of well-matched kidneys are identified |
| S21 |
UNOS delays living donor guidelines (follow-up) |
| S21 |
UNOS debates new limits for living organ donors. |
| S21 |
Worms causing elephantiasis may hold the secret to immune tolerance. |
| S20 |
Businessman wants to sell kidney to pay for lawsuit. |
| S17 |
Complicated live donor kidney swap requires four simultaneous surgeries in Ohio and Michigan |
| S10 |
Aspreva and Roche decide not to pursue application to FDA for CellCept as induction treatment for lupus nephritis. |
| S07 |
Pakistan's kidney bazaar. |
| A30 |
WTC 911 responder spearheads 3-way kidney donation. |
| A27 |
Desperation spurs poor Pakistanis to sell their kidneys. |
| A27 |
Couple shares love and a kidney - dialysis specialist donates kidney to her patient. |
| A23 |
New laparoscopic technique removes kidney from small incision at belly button. |
| A21 |
Unlike grapefruit juice, pomegranate juice does not appear to affect cytochrome P450-3A activity |
| A06 |
Pioneering education / reimbursement organ donor program developed in London, Ontario, expanded to entire province. |
| A01 |
Device wakes patient with severe brain injuries. |
| J31 |
Transplant surgeon accused of hastening death of potential organ donor. |
| J27 |
Paired organ donation in the news. |
| J26 |
MMWR: Cryptosporidiosis outbreaks associated with recreational water use. |
| J26 |
Changing policies with respect to organ harvesting in China lead to fall in number of transplants. |
| J18 |
Dutch organ donor numbers soar after - win a kidney - show hoax |
| J10 |
MMWR: Turtle associated salmonellosis in the United States |
| J13 |
FDA releases human tissue task force report regarding regulation of donor organ harvesting. |
| J13 |
New multiple donor-recipient matching algorithm from Carnegie Mellon may increase the number of kidney transplants. |
| J05 |
Australian man offering to donate his kidney to a Canadian may have been brainwashed by a religious cult. |
| J05 |
Medical organ transplant plane from University of Michigan crashes in Lake Michigan - all aboard feared lost. |
| J01 |
Kidney transplant TV show revealed to be a hoax. |
| M29 |
Contestants to vie for kidney transplant on controversial Dutch reality TV show. |
| M21 |
Statins might have a role in management of hepatitis C. |
| M21 |
Might probiotics modify the course of autoimmune disease? |
| M14 |
Study shows unsuspected immunomodulatory effects of glucosamine. |
| M07 |
American Transplant Congress 2007 underway in San Francisco: Click here to register to view abstracts. |
| M01 |
Bahrain plans to legalize living non-related organ donation. |
| A27 |
New test identifies hepatitis C patients at risk for cirrhosis. |
| A26 |
Sirolimus-based immunosuppression for heart transplant has kidney-sparing effect. |
| A23 |
Death of 3 organ transplant recipients leads to discovery of new virus related to LMCV. |
| A12 |
Rebuilt immune system helps patients shake off diabetes |
| A11 |
Ontario may reimburse organ donors. |
| A10 |
FDA re-emphasizes Salmonella risks for people with impaired immune systems keeping pet turtles. |
| A08 |
China issues new rules on organ procurement. |
| A02 |
President of the American Transplant Surgeons Society (Dr. Matas) proposes regulated sale of donor kidneys. |
| M26 |
Magnets used to position intra-abdominal, laparoscopically inserted surgical instruments |
| M24 |
CMS: New transplant center accreditation approval rules |
| M24 |
Tai Chi boosts immune response to herpes zoster vaccine. |
| M23 |
Feds unveil strict new standards for transplant centers - 13% or current centers may not qualify |
| M16 |
Artificial lymph node implanted into mice. |
| M16 |
Debate about proposed new rules for organ allocation in the news. |
| M10 |
AST applauds Congressional passage of bill facilitating paired organ donation. |
| M05 |
Taking amphotericin B in oil by mouth may result in good efficacy, less renal toxicity. |
| M04 |
Former NFL Dallas Cowboys football player donates kidney to ex-teammate. |
| M01 |
Medicare financing for dialysis vs. transplant in the news: One patient's story |
| M01 |
First hepatitis-E vaccine appears to be highly effective. |
| F20 |
Sertoli cells confer immune privilege in pancreas cells transplanted between pigs. |
| F20 |
Sick teens in crisis: Organ transplant patients may die when insurance for medicine runs out. |
| F09 |
Should age determine who gets a kidney transplant? |
| F05 |
FDA approves new dosing recommendations for Rapamune (sirolimus) in high immunologic risk transplant patients. |
| F05 |
Kidney transplant to be broadcast live over the internet Tuesday, Feb 6, 18:50 hrs. |
| F03 |
42 British Columbia transplant patients received their kidneys in China. |
| J30 |
Broke up with your date? Maybe because you were too HLA compatible. |
| J28 |
Carabin identified as brake to the immune system - may be involved in toleration. |
| J16 |
Tsunami victims selling their kidneys because of financial pressure. |
| J09 |
Paid Kidney Donation? "I sold my kidney to buy a T.V.!" |
| J09 |
Stromal cells in intestinal lymph nodes play a previously unknown role in immune tolerance. |
| J03 |
Operations research management expert suggests a more efficient kidney allocation system. |
| J03 |
Interferon treated hepatitis C patients likely to experience retinopathy |
| J02 |
Outcomes very different for kidney swap couples |
| D20 |
JAMA: A wide variety of cancers found to be increased (about threefold) in kidney transplant patients. |
| D15 |
Common cold rhinovirus leads to death in two lung transplant recipients |
| D13 |
FDA approves test to detect Chagas disease in blood or organ donors. |
| D12 |
An ugly side to stem cell research: Eastern European babies alleged to have been killed for stem cells. |
| D11 |
FDA proposes rules overhaul to expand access to experimental drugs. |
| D02 |
China states that it is banning transplant tourism. |
| D02 |
UK Transplant Games to be held in Edinburgh next July. |
| N28 |
French woman is smiling one year after receiving a face transplant. |
| N26 |
HDCN: Search index updated for audiofiles, slide/audio talks, articles, and abstracts |
| N19 |
Overweight kidney donors face risks; may be due to increased renal blood flow. |
| N09 |
New transplant study shows lower acute rejection rates with thymoglobulin than with basiliximab. |
| O31 |
Iran's desperate kidney traders. |
| O30 |
Ribavirin plus Infergen twice as good as standard therapies to control hepatitis C. |
| O29 |
Three-in-one virus killing lymphocytes control virus infections post-transplant |
| O26 |
IL-23 gene of key importance in protecting against inflammatory bowel disease |
| O25 |
Should we pay each kidney donor $33,000? |
| O24 |
Efficacy of UNOS investigations of poorly performing transplant programs called into question |
| O10 |
Domino transplant approach makes best use of donated organs |
| O05 |
Aspirin blocks tumor growth by interfering with angiogenesis. |
| S28 |
NEJM: Islet cell transplantation paper |
| S28 |
Feds withdraw threat to cut off funding to Kaiser SF transplant program, which is being shut down anyway. |
| S28 |
Pancreatic islet cell transplant in diabetes works - sort of (NEJM paper) |
| S27 |
Organ sales from executed prisoners thriving in China |
| S26 |
Sulfasalazine appears to prevent / improve cirrhosis of the liver. |
| S26 |
Genetic variations in MHC (major histocompatibility locus) posted on-line, clues for transplant and immune diseases. |
| S19 |
FDA approves posoconazole to treat Aspergillus and Candida fungal infections. |
| S18 |
Food and drugs pass through the stomach very quickly or quite slowly. |
| S12 |
Pancreatic primordia cells from pigs reverse type 1 or type 2 diabetes in rats |
| S11 |
Mandarin oranges appear to cut liver cancer risk in Japan |
| A30 |
Human body part law tightened in the UK |
| A20 |
How HIV exhausts killer T cells by activating PD-1 |
| A19 |
FDA orders body parts harvesting company to shut down |
| A01 |
Immune drug trial debacle leaves test subject facing risk of cancer, auto-immune disease. |
| J28 |
Benefits of domino organ donation program suggested by Lancet study |
| J26 |
Genzyme to manufacture Thymoglobulin in Waterford, Ireland. |
| J26 |
Roche launches new website for organ transplant community. |
| J24 |
Evidence presented at WTC that steroid-free immunosuppression for renal Tx is a good option. |
| J21 |
Kidney donors often pay a financial price. |
| J20 |
British Columbia unveils novel organ transplant donor expense reimbursement system. |
| J15 |
Sale of kidneys debated in British Medical Journal |
| J06 |
Statins inhibit replication of hepatitis C virus |
| J24 |
Alonzo Mourning's NBA championship ring a testimony to health after transplantation. |
| J24 |
US berates Kaiser over kidney effort |
| J19 |
NKF transplant games athletes prove that life can be vigorous after transplant. |
| J16 |
CARI (Australasian) Clinical Practice Guidelines published (53 free full text review papers!) |
| J16 |
Rats that don't shower every day may be protected against autoimmune disease. |
| J12 |
U.S. Transplant games, June 16-21, Louisville, KY. |
| J12 |
30 yrs. with a kidney transplant and then death after a cat bite. |
| J07 |
Transplants: Soon a thing of the past? Australians grow beating heart tissue. |
| M24 |
LCMV infections from subclinical infections in organ donors transmitted by hamsters - call for regulation |
| M17 |
UCSF to take in most of Kaiser's kidney transplant patients. |
| M15 |
Tacrolimus-derivative drugs protect animal brains against stroke-induced damage. |
| M13 |
Kaiser halts kidney transplant program |
| M11 |
Frustrated Kaiser kidney patients eager to get transplants elsewhere. |
| M09 |
White blood cells from cancer-resistant mice cure large tumors in non-resistant mice. |
| M09 |
Getting rid of the furanocoumarins in grapefruit juice abolishes the juice's effects on CYP3A drug metabolism |
| M07 |
Kaiser Permanente transplant program overwhelmed regulators, endangering patients, reports allege. |
| M03 |
Chicago-area teacher donates kidney to her 4th grade pupil. |
| M01 |
A way to increase organ donation: Change default policy to YES. |
| A26 |
Relaxation of kidney swap rules to include unrelated donors in the U.K. |
| A19 |
Caspase 12 gene shuts down immune system; found in 20% of African descent people. |
| A18 |
Is China obtaining organs from executed prisoners and selling them? Scandal grows. |
| A03 |
Bladder grown in lab hailed as breakthrough in organ transplantation. |
| A03 |
Nabi licenses Fresenius biotech transplant drug (ATG) |
| A02 |
Canada begins paired kidney exchange program. |
| M31 |
UN to look at Falun Gong claims of torture, murder, and organ harvesting at Chinese labor camp. |
| M28 |
China bans sale of organs for transplant. |
| M28 |
Juvenile diabetes reversed in animal model using dendritic cell injections. |
| M28 |
Daclizumab is stimulating natural killer cells, and this may have widespread implications. |
| M17 |
TGN1412 induced multiorgan failure - superstimulation of autoimmune response |
| M17 |
Problems with CD28 agonist monoclonal antibody raise broader concerns about human testing. |
| M14 |
Renal transplant patients often deficient in vitamin D. |
| M09 |
Dr. Monaco editorial in KI: In favor of monetizing kidney donation. |
| M05 |
UNOS sanctions LA hospital for bypassing US donors and giving liver transplant to Saudi national. |
| F26 |
Canadians look to the US to bypass long delays in kidney transplantation. |
| F21 |
Is there a way to avoid the bladder toxicity of cyclophosphamide? |
| F19 |
Pig islet cell transplants reverse diabetes in monkeys. |
| F16 |
Call to allow selling of organs for transplantation |
| F10 |
Would-be kidney donor saves her own life. |
| F01 |
Nabi announces fast tracking of hepatitis C immune globulin by the FDA to prevent HCV reinfection. |
| J30 |
Prions may play a key role in enabling stem cell function. |
| J25 |
Senator Schumer to introduce legislation to regulate organ banks. |
| J24 |
UC Irvine transplant program in trouble over low acceptance rate for kidney transplants. |
| J21 |
Annals paper shows benefit of pre-emptive live donor transplant or kidney-pancreas tx. in type 1 diabetics. |
| J21 |
UIC surgeons use robotic surgery to harvest a kidney-pancreas transplant. |
| J19 |
Commonly used antidepressants may also affect the immune system. |
| J09 |
Organ donation rates plummet in Australia |
| J09 |
Organ donation rates soar in Arizona |
| J07 |
Transplanted hearts do not survive as long in African American children as in Caucasian kids. |
| J02 |
More cat owners inquiring about kidney transplant for their pets. |
| D29 |
Investigating panel concludes that most if not all of Korean team's cloned stem cell data was faked. |
| D29 |
68 year old Aussie billionaire with failing kidneys dies after refusing dialysis. |
| D29 |
For transplant patients, a personal assist from Zo (Alonzo Mourning) |
| D28 |
Saliva test for hepatitis C developed by Israeli scientists. |
| D28 |
Ex-nurse convicted of mercy killings allowed to donate his kidney. |
| D26 |
Nine families sue Univ of California Irvine transplant program over suspended liver transplant program. |
| D25 |
South Korean cloning research was faked; stem cell field shaken. |
| D23 |
Aspergillus fumigatus genome sequenced. |
| D17 |
CDC recommends new blood test to diagnose TB infection. |
| D17 |
MMWR: West Nile virus activity in the U.S. a continuing problem. |
| D12 |
State-of-the-art container facilitates donor kidney transport. |
| D12 |
ESRD patients buying kidneys from Chinese prisons. |
| D05 |
Coffee intake may reduce risk of liver damage. |
| D01 |
FDA approves first test to screen for West Nile virus in blood and donor tissues |
| N29 |
New phase 2 trial targets P-selecting to prevent delayed graft function. |
| N29 |
Forty-two years later patient doing well on fourth transplanted kidney. |
| N26 |
Anti-inflammatory compounds in Schistosoma worms of interest in transplantation. |
| N25 |
Wife-kidney-swappers, wives, to spend Thanksgiving together |
| N24 |
South Korean cloning pioneer quits over ethics re sources of donor human eggs. |
| N21 |
Roller coaster rides can provoke arrhythmias. |
| N18 |
Dr. Tom Starzl gets National Medal of Science award for work in transplantation. |
| N11 |
Kidney swap in the news |
| N10 |
Unrelated live kidney donor in coma - offers of help pour in. |
| N09 |
One donor father, two daughters with PKD. |
| N09 |
Which country transplants the most kidneys in Europe? You might be surprised. |
| N07 |
Davenport woman donates a kidney to whomever out of the goodness of her heart. |
| N07 |
Parasitic worms may hold key to immunosuppression. |
| N06 |
New FDA-supported website lists latest approved drug labels for all meds. |
| N05 |
Vfend as good as amphotericin/fluconazole for Candida infections. |
| N02 |
Frozen kidney works after being transplanted into a rat. |
| O30 |
Kidney thieves prowl Pakistani earthquake zone. |
| O27 |
Got a transplant from a crook? Watch out - the donor DNA may put you in jail! |
| O26 |
ASN Renal Week 2005 abstracts now available on-line. |
| O24 |
Some jumping the line in the wait for kidney donors. |
| O21 |
New antifreeze protein found in fleas may prolong donor organ storage. |
| O17 |
Kidney Foundation of Canada gives award to Western Ontario's Dr. Jevnikar. |
| O17 |
Two new "ethical" ways to harvest stem cells. |
| O14 |
Pillows and bedding are loaded with fungal spores. |
| O12 |
CD19 monoclonal antibodies suppress B cells better than rituximab. |
| O12 |
Function of Hassall's corpuscles in thymus gland finally explained. |
| O12 |
New immunosuppression strategy has little weight, and in fact is in outer space. |
| O06 |
MMWR: West Nile Virus in infected organ transplant recipients. |
| O04 |
Johns Hopkins living donor trading scheme shows encouraging results. |
| O03 |
THi cells make IL-17 and may be key to some autoimmune diseases. |
| S28 |
Denver doctor set to receive transplant from donor found via the internet. |
| S23 |
Mathematician proposes improved transplant donor-recipient matching algorithm. |
| S21 |
Haaretz: Organ donor shortage in Israel: Problem and possible solutions. |
| S21 |
O-GlcNac sugars, rather than cyclins, prime determinants of cell cycle control. |
| S21 |
Immune cells communicate via network of nanotubules. |
| S19 |
New developments in Durban, South Africa organ trafficking scandal. |
| S19 |
Ebay blocks kidney donor bids. |
| S16 |
BBC: Ultraviolet light plus azathioprine increase skin cancer risk. |
| S11 |
Xenotransplantation may soon become a rea |